In this article, we review the status of the charmonium production in low energy fixed target proton-nucleus (p-A) and nucleus-nucleus (A-A) collisions as measured by different experimental collaborations at CERN-SPS, Fermilab and HERA accelerator facilities. The interplay of different cold and hot medium effects influencing the production of these $c\bar{c}$ bound states at low collision energies is discussed in detail. Prospect for upcoming charmonium measurements close to kinematic production threshold, in the CBM experiment at FAIR SIS100 and NA60+ experiment at CERN-SPS facilities are also investigated.

We develop a novel strategy for accessing the transversity parton distribution function (PDF) of the nucleon within collinear factorization using near-side energy-energy correlators in the dihadron fragmentation framework. We show how this removes the complications of previous approaches that must model either intrinsic parton transverse momentum or resonances in the invariant mass distribution of a final-state dihadron. We present leading-order analytical results for transverse-spin observables in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering and electron-positron annihilation, highlighting their close similarity to the expressions one uses in extracting (un)polarized PDFs and (single-hadron) fragmentation functions in collinear factorization. We make predictions for kinematics relevant for existing and future facilities that demonstrate the feasibility of an energy-energy correlator program in extracting the transversity PDF.

The density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy remains one of the key uncertainties in contemporary nuclear physics, with significant implications for the structure of exotic nuclei, the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions, and the properties of astrophysical objects such as neutron stars and core-collapse supernovae. However, extracting robust constraints requires observables that are minimally affected by final-state interactions and are reliably predicted by transport models. This review synthesizes recent theoretical and experimental advancements in constraining the symmetry energy by leveraging isospin diffusion in heavy-ion reactions within the Fermi energy domain. Recent results from the INDRA-FAZIA collaboration, including isospin transport ratio data, and Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) transport model calculations are highlighted. Confidence regions for the symmetry energy are extracted from isospin transport ratios and isospin diffusion currents by utilizing state-of-the-art nuclear functionals, including both ab initio and phenomenological approaches, with a particular focus on the density regions probed by these experiments. The resulting constraints will aid future Bayesian studies of the nuclear equation of state and contribute to a more unified understanding of dense matter in both terrestrial experiments and astrophysical environments.

The d(e,e'p) cross section was measured at momentum transfers $Q^2 = $ 0.8, 2.1 and 3.5 $(GeV/c)^2$ covering a wide range of proton kinematics at each $Q^2$ setting that made it possible to study this reaction as a function of missing momentum as well as a function of the neutron laboratory recoil angle $\theta_{nq}$. Missing momentum distributions were determined for fixed values of $\theta_{nq}$ up to missing momenta of 0.65 $GeV/c$. For the two larger momentum transfer settings, the characteristics of the experimental momentum distributions confirm the theoretical prediction that final state interactions (FSI) contribute maximally around a $\theta_{nq} \sim 70^\circ$, while for $\theta_{nq} < 45^\circ$ FSI are significantly reduced. The data at reduced FSI settings were best reproduced by calculations using the CD-Bonn potential wave functions.

In an experiment performed in November 2022 at the petawatt (PW) laser facility at Vega III located in Salamanca-Spain, we have studied the successful production of several radioisotopes using protons accelerated by the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) mechanism (Rodrigues et al. [1]). The experimental proton energy distribution recorded on a shot-to-shot basis and confirmed in a follow up experiment (K. Batani et al. [2]), allowed us to derive the number of nuclear reactions taking place in different targets on a single shot. From this analysis, using the ratio of the yields 11C/7Be, we obtained an effective "single shot" temperature of the TNSA plasma. We used this value to evaluate the yield of alpha particles from the reaction p + 11B -> 3 alpha which may reach (1.6 +/- 0.5) x 10^9 alpha particles in 2pi. From the fluctuations of the protons and the fusion yields, we derived a "TNSA-Equation of State" (EoS), The deviation of such "EoS" from the classical ideal gas limit is well reproduced by the soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation for each shot.