Pion production is a major source of systematic uncertainty in neutrino oscillation measurements. We report a systematic investigation of neutrino-induced pion production using MINERvA and MicroBooNE data within the GiBUU theoretical framework. The analysis begins by establishing baseline model parameters using inclusive and pionless data from MINERvA, MicroBooNE, and T2K experiments. We then examine the role of in-medium effects, including resonance broadening and nucleon-nucleon final-state interactions. While agreement with individual datasets can be achieved through specific model configurations, we demonstrate the difficulty of a unified description across all experiments: MINERvA measurements prefer minimum in-medium modifications, whereas MicroBooNE data require the maximum in-medium enhancement, revealing the complexity and richness of the underlying nuclear dynamics.

The combined symmetry of charge conjugation and parity ($C\!P$) is tested in the hadronic transition $\psi(3686)\to\pi^+\pi^{-}J/\psi$, utilizing a dataset of 2.7 billion $\psi(3686)$ events collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. The resulting asymmetry observable is $A_{cp} = (0.6\pm1.8_{\rm stat}\pm0.1_{\rm sys})\times10^{-4}$ by combining the two channels $J/\psi\to e^+e^-$ and $J/\psi\to\mu^+\mu^-$ with unprecedented precision. Meanwhile, by considering the relationship between the chromo-electric dipole moment (CEDM) and the $A_{cp}$ observable derived from the quantum chromo-dynamics multipole expansion (QCDME) theory based on Chen-Kuang, as well as Cornell potential model, we yield the results of charm quark's CEDM with $d^{\prime}_{c} = (2.6\pm7.8_{\rm stat}\pm0.4_{\rm sys}\pm0.6_{\rm theo})\times10^{-16}$ $e\cdot$cm, and $d^{\prime}_{c} = (3.5\pm10.5_{\rm stat}\pm0.6_{\rm sys}\pm0.5_{\rm theo})\times10^{-16}$ $e\cdot$cm, respectively. These results correspond to an upper limit of $|d^{\prime}_{c} |<2.1\times10^{-15}\ e\cdot$cm at a 90\% confidence level, an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity compared to the previous direct bound using the same decay process. Our results provide insights into the dynamics of charmonium hadronic transitions, shedding light on their behavior in the context of $C\!P$ violation.

A search for the decay $B^0 \rightarrow \phi \phi$ is made using $pp$ collision data collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $9$ fb$^{-1}$. No significant signal is observed, and an upper limit on the branching fraction of $1.3~(1.4)\times 10^{-8}$ at $90 ~(95) \%$ confidence level is set. This result supersedes the previous LHCb study and improves the upper limit by a factor of two.

Predictions of charm correlation functions and more specifically balance functions are presented in proton--proton (pp) collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 13 TeV based on the PYTHIA 8.3 event generator. Correlations are computed for identical and cross-species charmed hadrons in both minimum bias and high-pT biased collisions. We study the strength of correlations as a function of the number of balanced flavors and investigate the impact of variations of PYTHIA parameters controlling the Lund string fragmentation on the shape and strength of the correlation functions. The feasibility of measurements of the charm balance function presented is discussed in the context of the future LHC experiments.

The correct description of the hadron's structure requires understanding how quarks and gluons form the observable hadrons and how they are distributed within them. Two key nonperturbative quantities encapsulate this information: parton distribution functions (PDFs) and fragmentation functions (FFs). The former define a probabilistic light-front momentum distribution of partons within a hadron, whereas the latter describe the hadronization process of high-energy partons. Computing these functions analytically poses significant challenges, as it demands models that accurately incorporate the nonperturbative infrared dynamics of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). In this work, we compute the pion PDF and its elementary and full FFs using the Curci-Ferrari (CF) model. This model enables the exploration of nonperturbative QCD effects by introducing a gluon-mass scale within the Landau gauge QCD Lagrangian. The two-point quark and gluon correlation functions derived from the CF model agree well with lattice QCD results and reproduce the pion decay constant in the chiral limit, consistent with chiral perturbation theory. The resulting pion PDF and FFs computed with the CF quark propagator and pion Bethe-Salpeter amplitude are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with those obtained using the Qin-Chang model, a benchmark approach to nonperturbative QCD. These findings support the broader applicability of the Curci-Ferrari model in hadron phenomenology.

We present a comprehensive study of axion-like particles (ALPs) in meson decays, combining effective field theory and ultraviolet models within the open-source tool ALPaca. The analysis accounts for running and matching effects across energy scales, including non-perturbative QCD corrections via chiral perturbation theory. We discuss several benchmark models, both flavour-universal and non-universal, using the most up-to-date theoretical computations for ALP decays and branching ratios. Experimental signatures such as prompt, displaced, and invisible decays are included. A dedicated analysis of the Belle II anomaly in the decay $B^+ \to K^+ \nu \bar{\nu}$ is performed. Our results highlight the power of flavour observables in constraining ALPs and provide a versatile foundation for future searches.

The relative correlation between the magnitudes of elliptic flow ($v_2$) and triangular flow ($v_3$) has been accurately measured in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC collider. As a function of the centrality of the collision, it changes sign and varies non-monotonically. We show that this is naturally explained by two combined effects. The first effect is a skewness in initial-state fluctuations, which is quantified by the correlation between the geometry-driven elliptic deformation in the reaction plane and the fluctuation-driven triangularity $\varepsilon_3$. We introduce an intensive measure of this skewness, which is generically of order unity and depends weakly on the system size and centrality. We evaluate its magnitude using Monte Carlo simulations of the initial state, which show that it is sensitive to the nucleon width. The second effect is the fluctuation of impact parameter relative to centrality classifiers used by experiment. The ATLAS collaboration uses two different centrality classifiers, the multiplicity $N_{ch}$ and the transverse energy $E_T$. We fit both sets of results for Pb+Pb collisions up to $\approx 40\%$ centrality with a single parameter, the intensive mixed skewness. Its value inferred from experiment agrees with theoretical expectations.

The $\kappa/K_0^*(700)$ meson remains the most elusive among the light scalar resonances, with its presence in weak decays obscured by limited precision in branching fraction measurements. As a result, the true nature of the $\kappa$ remains difficult to explore. Through a partial-wave analysis of the semileptonic decay $D^+ \to K^-\pi^+ e^+ \nu_e$, we extract ${\cal B}(D^+ \to \bar\kappa^0 e^+ \nu_e, \bar\kappa^0 \to K^-\pi^+) =(2.2 \pm 0.1) \times 10^{-3}$. Previously considered negligible, this contribution is now shown to dominate the observed s-wave branching fraction. This reveals that clear evidence for the $\kappa$ in weak decays has long existed, but was misidentified as part of the non-resonant background. The extracted $D^+ \to \bar\kappa^0$ form factor, $f^+(0) = 0.32 \pm 0.01$, is significantly smaller than the $q\bar q$ prediction of $0.82 \pm 0.05$, and closely aligns with the $q^2\bar q^2$ expectation of $0.36 \pm 0.02$. Notably, this finding supports a compact tetraquark interpretation of the $\kappa$ meson.

NNLO QCD corrections for the pion electromagnetic form factor at large momentum transfer have been recently performed in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 201901 (2024); Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 221901 (2025)], revealing that the NLO and NNLO contributions are positive and sizeable. Unfortunately, these predictions have been obtained using the conventional scale-setting method and thus they are plagued by large renormalization scale ambiguities. In this paper, we analyze the pion electromagnetic form factor at NNLO by introducing the Principle of Maximum Conformality (PMC), a systematic method for eliminating renormalization scheme and scale ambiguities. By applying the PMC, a more precise perturbative QCD (pQCD) prediction for the pion EMFF $Q^2F_\pi(Q^2)$ without conventional renormalization scale ambiguity can be achieved. This improved pQCD prediction is highly beneficial for the precise determination of the pion light-cone distribution amplitude. We then conduct a comprehensive comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of the pion EMFF $Q^2F_\pi(Q^2)$.

Ginkgo biloba trees are widely planted in urban areas of developed countries for their resilience, longevity and aesthetic appeal. Annual pruning to control tree size, shape and interference with traffic and pedestrians generates large volumes of unutilized Ginkgo biomass. This study aimed to valorize these pruning residues into charcoal by optimizing pyrolysis conditions and evaluating its fuel properties. The pyrolysis experiment was conducted at 400 to 600 degrees Celsius, after oven drying pretreatment. The mass yield of charcoal was found to vary from 27.33 to 32.05 percent and the approximate volume shrinkage was found to be 41.19 to 49.97 percent. The fuel properties of the charcoals were evaluated using the moisture absorption test, proximate and ultimate analysis, thermogravimetry, calorimetry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The calorific value improved from 20.76 to 34.26 MJ per kg with energy yield up to 46.75 percent. Charcoal exhibited superior thermal stability and better combustion performance. The results revealed satisfactory properties compared with other biomass, coal and biochar standards. The product complied with first grade standards at 550 and 600 degrees Celsius and second grade wood charcoal standards at other temperatures. However, higher concentrations of some heavy metals like Zn indicate the need for pretreatment and further research on copyrolysis for resource optimization. This study highlights the dual benefits of waste management and renewable energy, providing insights for urban planning and policymaking.

Within quantum electrodynamics we show that the Generalized Uncertainty Principle induces higher-derivative corrections that promote the topological invariant $F_{\mu\nu}\,\widetilde F^{\mu\nu}$ to the dynamical, non-topological operator $\partial^\lambda F_{\mu\nu}\,\partial_\lambda \widetilde F^{\mu\nu}$. We explore the resulting phenomenology, focusing on the generation of electric dipole moments. Our findings open a new low-energy window for testing quantum-gravity scenarios through precision measurements of charge-parity violation.

In this work, we study the charged-current (anti)neutrino-induced associated particle($K\Lambda$) production($\Delta S=0$) from free nucleons in the energy region of a few GeV, relevant to the (anti)neutrino oscillation experiments with accelerator and atmospheric neutrinos. We employ a model based on effective Lagrangians to evaluate the contributions from the nonresonant and the resonant diagrams. The nonresonant background terms are calculated using a microscopic model derived from the SU(3) chiral Lagrangians. For the resonant contributions, we consider the low-lying spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ resonances, such as $S_{11}(1650)$, $P_{11}(1710)$, $P_{11}(1880)$, and $S_{11}(1895)$, and spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ resonances, such as $P_{13}(1720)$ and $P_{13}(1900)$, which have finite branching ratios to the $K\Lambda$ channel. These resonant contributions are modelled using an effective phenomenological Lagrangian approach, with strong couplings determined from the experimental branching ratios and the decay widths to the $K\Lambda$ channel. To fix the parameters of the vector current interaction, the model is first used to reproduce satisfactorily the MAMI experimental data on the real photon induced scattering off the nucleon resulting an eta meson in the final state and with the CLAS data for the $K\Lambda$ production in the final state. The PCAC hypothesis and the generalized Goldberger-Treiman relation are used to fix the parameters of the axial vector interaction. The model is then applied to study the weak production of $K\Lambda$ induced by the neutrinos and antineutrinos, and predicts the numerical values for the $Q^2$-distribution, the kaon kinetic energy distribution, and the total scattering cross sections with and without a cut on the CM energy W. The results presented in this work are relevant for the present and future accelerator and atmospheric neutrino experiments.

We compute the two-loop contributions to Higgs production via gluon-gluon fusion ($gg \to h$) and Higgs decay into two photons ($h \to \gamma\gamma$), arising from third-generation four-quark operators in the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT). Our analysis is performed in the broken phase of the theory, retaining the full dependence on the Higgs and heavy-quark masses. This includes both finite matching corrections and logarithmic effects stemming from the renormalization group evolution within the SMEFT. As a byproduct, new two-loop anomalous dimensions in the SMEFT are obtained. We also briefly discuss the phenomenological implications of our two-loop calculations.

Axion dark matter induces electromagnetic radiation in conductors through nearly perpetual oscillations of electrons, driven by axion-electron interactions through the so-called chiral magnetic effect. It therefore provides a complementary probe of the axion-electron coupling $g_{ae}$ beyond the conventional axion-photon coupling $g_{a \gamma}$ in cavities. We show that existing axion cavity experiments can constrain the coupling to $g_{ae}\lesssim 10^{-5}$ over the scanned axion mass ranges, $1\,\mu\, {\rm eV}\lesssim m_a\lesssim 20\,\mu\,{\rm eV}$. Although we find that the radiation due to $g_{ae}$ at the copper cavity surface of electric conductivity $\sigma$ is suppressed by $m_a^2/\sigma^2\sim 10^{-20}$, compared to the radiation inside the cavity by the axion-photon conversion due to $g_{a\gamma}$, a sensitivity of about $10^{-9}$ could be achieved for $g_{ae}$ over a wider range of $m_a$, including values higher than those previously probed, if copper walls are replaced with carbon-based conductors.

We explore a generative-model framework to infer the masses of heavy particles from detector-level data over a broad parameter space. Our model combines a transformer-based detector encoder and a diffusion neural network. We apply our model to a new physics scenario involving the pair production of wino-like chargino-neutralino, $pp \to \tilde\chi_1^{\pm} \tilde\chi_2^0$, in the $1\ell + 2\gamma + jets$ channel at the high luminosity LHC~(HL-LHC). We find that our framework can achieve mass reconstruction efficiency of $\gtrsim 70\%$ for the lightest neutralino $\tilde\chi_1^0$ and $\gtrsim 40\%$ for the second lightest neutralino $\tilde\chi_2^0$, for a mass tolerance of $\Delta m = 30~$GeV, across the entire parameter space accessible at the HL-LHC.

We present the calculation of complete next-to-leading order electroweak corrections to the Higgs boson production in $gg\to g H$ channel. We apply the method of differential equations combined with the selection of optimized master integrals to accomplish the calculation of master integrals. We consider three distinct $\alpha$ schemes. At leading order, the differential distributions and the total cross section differ among them. However, these discrepancies are considerably suppressed once electroweak corrections are taken into account. For $G_\mu$ scheme, the electroweak correction amounts to approximately $4.5\%$. Importantly, this correction exhibits non-trivial kinematic dependence.

The CUDACPP plugin for MadGraph5_aMC@NLO aims to accelerate leading order tree-level event generation by providing the MadEvent event generator with data-parallel helicity amplitudes. These amplitudes are written in templated C++ and CUDA, allowing them to be compiled for CPUs supporting SSE4, AVX2, and AVX-512 instruction sets as well as CUDA- and HIP-enabled GPUs. Using SIMD instruction sets, CUDACPP-generated amplitudes are shown to speed up linearly with SIMD register size, and GPU offloading is shown to provide acceleration beyond that of SIMD instructions. Additionally, the resulting speed-up in event generation perfectly aligns with predictions from measured runtime fractions spent in amplitude routines, and proper GPU utilisation can speed up high-multiplicity QCD processes by an order of magnitude when compared to optimal CPU usage in server-grade CPUs.

We measure the spin-density matrix elements (SDMEs) for the photoproduction of $\phi(1020)$ off of the proton in its decay to $K_S^0K_L^0$, using 105 pb$^{-1}$ of data collected with a linearly polarized photon beam using the GlueX experiment. The SDMEs are measured in nine bins of the squared four-momentum transfer $t$ in the range $-t=0.15-1.0$ GeV$^2$, providing the first measurement of their $t$-dependence for photon beam energies $E_\gamma = 8.2-8.8$ GeV. We confirm the dominance of Pomeron exchange in this region, and put constraints on the contribution of other Regge exchanges. We also find that helicity amplitudes where the helicity of the photon and the $\phi(1020)$ differ by two units are negligible.

By analyzing $e^+e^-$ collision data taken at center-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s} = 4.600 \sim 4.699$ $\mbox{GeV}$ with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $\rm 4.5~fb^{-1}$, we study the hadronic decays $\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow \Sigma^{+} \eta$ and $\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow \Sigma^{+} \eta^{\prime}$ using the single-tag method. The branching fraction ratio of $\Lambda_{c}^+ \rightarrow \Sigma^+ \eta$ relative to $\Lambda_{c}^+ \rightarrow \Sigma^+ \pi^0$ is determined to be $0.305 \pm 0.046_{\rm stat.} \pm 0.007_{\rm sys.}$, and that of $\Lambda_{c}^+ \rightarrow \Sigma^+ \eta'$ relative to $\Lambda_{c}^+ \rightarrow \Sigma^+ \omega $ is $0.336 \pm 0.094_{\rm stat.} \pm 0.037_{\rm sys.}$. The ratio of $\frac{\mathcal{B}\left(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow \Sigma^{+} \eta'\right)}{\mathcal{B}\left(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow \Sigma^{+} \eta\right)} $ is determined to be $1.50\pm 0.48 \pm 0.17 \pm 0.21$, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and from $\mathcal{B}\left(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow \Sigma^{+} \pi^0\right) $ or $\mathcal{B}\left(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow \Sigma^{+} \omega\right) $, respectively. These results enrich our knowledge of charmed baryon decays.

Advances in sensor technology and automation have ushered in an era of data abundance, where the ability to identify and extract relevant information in real time has become increasingly critical. Traditional filtering approaches, which depend on a priori knowledge, often struggle to adapt to dynamic or unanticipated data features. Machine learning offers a compelling alternative-particularly when training can occur directly at or near the detector. This paper presents a digital hardware architecture designed for real-time neural network training, specifically optimized for high-throughput data ingestion. The design is described in an implementation-independent manner, with detailed analysis of each architectural component and their performance implications. Through system parameterization, the study explores trade-offs between processing speed, model complexity, and hardware resource utilization. Practical examples illustrate how these parameters affect applicability across various use cases. A proof-of-concept implementation on an FPGA demonstrates in-situ training, confirming that computational accuracy is preserved relative to conventional software-based approaches. Moreover, resource estimates indicate that current-generation FPGAs can train networks of approximately 3,500 neurons per chip. The architecture is both scalable and adaptable, representing a significant advancement toward integrating learning directly within detector systems and enabling a new class of extreme-edge, real-time information processing.

A measurement of the thrust distribution in $e^{+}e^{-}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 91.2$ GeV with archived data from the ALEPH experiment at the Large Electron-Positron Collider is presented. The thrust distribution is reconstructed from charged and neutral particles resulting from hadronic $Z$-boson decays. For the first time with $e^{+}e^{-}$ data, detector effects are corrected using a machine learning based method for unbinned unfolding. The measurement provides new input for resolving current discrepancies between theoretical calculations and experimental determinations of $\alpha_{s}$, constraining non-perturbative effects through logarithmic moments, developing differential hadronization models, and enabling new precision studies using the archived data.

We assess the ability of the Belle II experiment to probe the Dirac or Majorana nature of a massive right-handed neutrino (RHN) $N$ in the MeV to GeV mass range. We consider the production and decay of RHNs to proceed via new interactions described by the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) extended with right-handed neutrino fields (SMNEFT), and not via mass mixing with active neutrinos. We find that Belle II has the potential to discover $N$ if kinematically accessible. We perform detailed simulations of the angular distributions of lepton pairs from the decay of $N$ produced in two-body and three-body decays of $B$ mesons. We show that for $m_N$ above 100 MeV, Belle II can distinguish between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos at more than the 5$\sigma$ CL for most operators, and the combination of the production and decay operators can be identified from the subsequent decay of the heavy neutrino. Also, the production operators can be identified using three-body $B$ meson decay for any $m_N$ if the $B\to D\ell N$ and $B\to D^*\ell N$ events can be well separated.

Future $e^+e^-$ colliders are expected to play a fundamental role in measuring Standard Model (SM) parameters with unprecedented precision and in probing physics beyond the SM (BSM). This study investigates two-particle angular correlation distributions involving final-state SM charged hadrons. Unexpected correlation structures in these distributions is considered to be a hint for new physics perturbing the QCD partonic cascade and thereby modifying azimuthal and (pseudo)rapidity correlations. Using Pythia8 Monte Carlo generator and fast simulation, including selection cuts and detector effects, we study potential structures in the two-particle angular correlation function. We adopt the QCD-like Hidden Valley (HV) scenario as implemented in Pythia8 generator, with relatively light HV $v$-quarks (below about 100 GeV), to illustrate the potential of this method.

Dark photon dark matter (DPDM) emerges as a compelling candidate for ultralight bosonic dark matter, detectable through resonant conversion into photons within a plasma environment. This study employs in-situ measurements from the Parker Solar Probe (PSP), the first spacecraft to venture into the solar corona, to probe for DPDM signatures. The PSP in-situ measurements go beyond the traditional radio window, spanning frequencies between about 10 kHz and 20 MHz, a challenging range inaccessible to Earth-based radio astronomy. Additionally, the proximity of PSP to the resonant conversion location enhances the signal flux, providing a distinct advantage over ground-based observations. As a result, the PSP data establishes the most stringent constraints on the kinetic mixing parameter $\epsilon$ for DPDM frequencies between 70 kHz and 20 MHz, with values of $\epsilon \lesssim 10^{-14}-10^{-13}$. Investigating the data from STEREO satellites resulted in weaker constraints compared to those obtained from PSP. By utilizing state-of-the-art solar observations from space, we have surpassed the cosmic microwave background limits derived from early-universe observations.

Current and future searches for dark matter axions, based on their resonant conversion to photons in a magnetic field, span many orders of magnitude. A major impediment to designing resonators at the high end of this range, 5 GHz and above, is the proliferation of TE modes, which overwhelm and hybridize with the TM010 mode to which the axion couples, making the search impossible. We demonstrate that a photonic band gap structure can be designed that completely suppresses the TE spectrum, even reducing the number of lattice periods to two or one, and violating perfect lattice symmetry. This allows tunable resonators to be designed in a convenient, volumetrically efficient circular geometry thus enabling future searches in the post-inflation axion mass range.

We construct light-cone sum rules (LCSR) for the $B\to K^*$ form factors in the large recoil region using vacuum-to-$B$-meson correlation functions, and systematically calculate subleading-power corrections to these form factors at tree level, including next-to-leading power contributions from the hard-collinear propagator, the subleading effective current $\bar{q}\Gamma[i\slashed{D}_{\perp}/(2m_b)]h_v$, and twist-five/six four-particle higher-twist effects. By incorporating the available leading-power results at $\mathcal{O}(\alpha_s)$ and the corrections to higher-twist $B$-meson light-cone distribution amplitudes from our previous work, we improve the precision of theoretical predictions for $B\to K^*$ form factors and find that the subleading-power contributions amount to 30\% of the corresponding leading-power results. Employing the Bourrely-Caprini-Lellouch (BCL) parametrization, we determine the numerical results for $B\to K^*$ form factors across the full kinematic range through a combined fit of LCSR predictions in the large recoil region and lattice QCD results in the small recoil region. Using the newly obtained $B\to K^*$ form factors, we compute the branching fractions for the rare decays $B \to K^* \nu_\ell\bar{\nu}_\ell$ in the Standard Model, obtaining $\mathcal{BR}(\bar{B}^0 \to \bar{K}^{*0} \nu_\ell\bar{\nu}_\ell)=8.09(96)\times 10^{-6}$ and $\mathcal{BR}(\bar{B}^+ \to \bar{K}^{*+} \nu_\ell\bar{\nu}_\ell)=9.95(1.05)\times 10^{-6}$. Additionally, we predict that the longitudinal $K^*$ polarization fraction is $F_L=0.44(4)$.

The FASER experiment was designed to study long-lived dark sector particles and neutrinos traveling in the forward direction at the LHC. Neutrinos are predominantly produced from meson decays, which also result in an intense energetic flux of muons in the forward direction regularly observed by FASER. So far, these muons are treated only as backgrounds to neutrino and new physics studies, and extensive effort is required to suppress them. In this study, we consider the opposite scenario and use muons produced in the forward direction to produce new muonphilic scalars, which can then be searched for at the FASER detector. To minimize the backgrounds for this search, we make use of an upgraded preshower component, which is expected to be installed at FASER before the end of Run 3, and is capable of spatially resolving two energetic photons. We find that FASER, and its upgrade, FASER2 can probe currently unconstrained regions of parameter space, including regions that can potentially explain the $(g-2)_{\mu}$ anomaly. This highlights the physics opportunities that the intense TeV muon beam at the LHC can bring.

Anisotropic flow and fluctuations are sensitive observables of the initial state effects in heavy ion collisions and are characterized by the medium properties and final state interactions. Using event-shape observables, one can constrain the probability distributions of anisotropic flow coefficients, thus reducing the linear and nonlinear contributions in the measured higher-order harmonics. In this paper, we use transverse spherocity as an event shape observable to study the flow coefficients and elliptic flow fluctuations. Transverse spherocity is found to have a strong correlation with elliptic flow and its fluctuations. We exploit this feature of transverse spherocity to remove the contribution to elliptic flow from higher-order harmonics. The study is performed in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV using a multi-phase transport model. The multi-particle Q-cumulant method estimates the anisotropic flow coefficients, which reduces the non-flow contributions. We observe a stronger system response to the flow coefficients for the events with smaller values of elliptic flow.

Energy-energy correlator (EEC) is an event shape observable that characterizes the distribution of energy flux in collision events. We initiate the study of full-range EEC at hadron colliders, generalizing the extensively studied EEC in $e^+e^-$ collision as well as the transverse EEC in hadron collisions. We derive celestial blocks from Lorentz symmetry to perform partial wave decomposition of the EEC at hadron colliders. These celestial blocks are essentially conformal blocks on the 2d celestial sphere, which have additional dependence on the collinear spin of ``light-ray transition matrix'' along the collision axis. In this work, we perform the first leading-order (LO) analytic calculation of this observable in pure Yang-Mills theory and use it as an example to illustrate the block decomposition. Numerically, the block expansion demonstrates superior accuracy in the collinear limit compared to conventional power series expansion. Analytically, we observe in this example that the block coefficients exhibit analyticity in both collinear and transverse spin. In addition, we analyze several kinematic limits at LO -- collinear, back-to-back, opposite coplanar and Regge limit. While the first three limits naturally generalize their $e^+e^-$ collision counterparts or transverse EEC and are governed by soft-collinear dynamics, the Regge limit requires complete angular dependence and reveals BFKL physics. Phenomenologically, we propose a realistic experimental setup and briefly discuss how the convolution of parton distribution function modifies the perturbative EEC result. Our work suggests that the full-range EEC at hadron colliders is an elegant observable which probes a broader kinematic space and connects various regimes of different QCD dynamics through a single measurement.