Obstacle-Aware Four-Dimensional Trajectory Design for Urban Air Mobility

Abstract

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) with electric Vertical TakeOff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles can help address ground traffic congestion. The design of an eVTOL trajectory that is safe and reduces travel time is key for UAM adoption. Existing works on trajectory design either may not adequately incorporate dense obstacles in urban environments, complex eVTOL flight dynamics, or one or more flight phases. Not considering these factors can result in low-quality, or worse infeasible, trajectories. We develop a hybrid framework that can integrate building obstacles data, wind data, eVTOL flight dynamics, and other real-world operational constraints to estimate a four-dimensional eVTOL flight trajectory in ascent, cruise, and descent that aims to minimize travel time. Our framework first fills the obstacle-free regions with intersecting convex polygons, then identifies potentially low-travel time candidate sequences of these polygons using a Graph of Convex Sets-based path planner, and then uses an Optimal Control Program to give the final trajectory that passes through the polygons in a sequence identified before. We evaluate our framework on routes within New York City. Our framework can design trajectories respecting the above constraints in the presence of as many as 250 building obstacles. We show that not including the above constraints can underestimate the flight time by as much as 20\%.