CPSNet: Physics-Inspired Label-Free Deep Unfolding for Lung Ultrasound B-Line Detection

Abstract

In this paper, we propose CPSNet, a label-free deep unfolding framework for lung ultrasound image analysis. CPSNet unfolds a Cauchy proximal splitting algorithm into a forward-backward style network architecture, incorporating skip connections to iteratively enhance noisy Radon domain images. We introduce the Radon-Based Neighbor Reconstruction Loss, a novel loss function that enforces reconstruction consistency between subsampled and reconstructed image pairs in the Radon domain, while applying regularization terms to enhance robustness against noise. Integrating the Cauchy penalty into the loss function preserves the statistical influence of the prior while enabling the network to learn flexibly. Trained in an unsupervised manner without ground truth images, CPSNet is evaluated using structural similarity index, Proxy peak signal-to-noise Ratio, and relative L2 norm, demonstrating stable and effective performance in lung ultrasound image reconstruction. Applied to B-line detection, CPSNet achieves greater stability, adaptability and efficiency compared to traditional and object detection methods, effectively preserving line structures and minimizing false detections. This study underscores CPSNet's potential as a reliable and efficient solution for lung ultrasound-based diagnostics, supporting more accurate and efficient clinical decision-making. The code developed for this paper is available at this https URL.