Classification of symmetry protected topological phases in quantum spin chains

Abstract

We consider the classification problem of symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases on quantum spin systems. SPT phases are gapped short-range-entangled quantum phases with a symmetry $G$. We explain that in one and two-dimensional quantum spin systems, there are $H^{2}(G, U(1))$/ $H^{3}(G, U(1))$-valued invariant, confirming a physicists conjecture.